MORPHOLOGICAL, IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL AND MOLECULAR PROGNOSTIC MARKERS IN COLORECTAL CANCER

Abstract

The article presents the results of an analysis of current data on the prognostic significance of morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular markers in colorectal cancer. A narrative review of scientific publications from 2009 to 2024 was conducted, focusing on tumor morphology, CDX2 expression, immunohistochemical markers (PD-L1, HLA-G, CD3, CD8), microsatellite instability, and the molecular classification CMS. It was shown that morphological parameters (degree of differentiation, tumor budding, lymphovascular and perineural invasion) retain high prognostic value, often exceeding the isolated loss of CDX2. A comprehensive assessment of immunohistochemical and molecular indicators (MSI, KRAS, BRAF, CIMP, CMS) improves the accuracy of recurrence risk prediction. The findings indicate the promise of integrating morphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular characteristics for the personalization of colorectal cancer treatment.